Detailed Elemental Compositions of Emulsion Interfacial Material versus Parent Oil for Nine Geographically Distinct Light, Medium, and Heavy Crude Oils, Detected by Negative- and Positive-Ion Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
By means of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT−ICR MS), we identify nonvolatile polar acidic and basic emulsion stabilizers in nine geographically distinct light, medium, and heavy oils. Although oil class distributions are unique, oils of similar API specific gravity exhibit similar relative abundances for the O 2 and O 4 S classes. Heavy oils are high in O 2 and low in low in O 4 S. The light oils follow the opposite trend. However, independent of parent oil O 2 and O 4 S class abundances, O 2 and O 4 S species preferentially adsorb and are the two most abundant classes in the emulsion interfacial material. Negative-ion nitrogen-containing classes do not have a high affinity for emulsion interface adsorption. However all positive-ion nitrogen-containing species adsorb to the oil/water interface.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it