Seeded crystallization of calcite and aragonite in seawater as a pretreatment scale control process, a study of supersaturation limits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The seeding crystallization of calcite and aragonite in seawater was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The level of supersaturation with respect to calcium carbonate, which is the driving force for the crystal growth, was found to be influenced by the pH value of seawater, the temperature and the seed morphology. It was proven experimentally and theoretically that the level of supersaturation in seawater with respect to calcium carbonate is more sensitive to pH than to temperature. The growth process of calcite or aragonite cannot start if the pH value of seawater is not adjusted to be higher than 8.0 in the basic medium. An initial pH value of 8.2 is found to be enough to initiate the growth process of both calcite and aragonite seeds. Calcite seeds were found to be subjected to higher levels of supersaturation than aragonite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".