Impact of degradation products of sulfamethoxazole on mammalian cultured cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely used antibiotic which has been detected in surface water samples in the ng/L range and also detected in drinking water samples. To limit the environmental impact, ozonation treatment of waste streams has been proposed. However, the degradation products created by ozonation as well as their toxicity have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the degradation products of SMX formed during ozonation and the effects of these products on mammalian cultured cells. In addition to alcohols and nitrates, sulfanilamide was identified as the larger molecular weight compound of the degradation products detected. Cells exposed to the degradation products of SMX maintained their polyhedral geometry longer than the control cells. Proliferation of the cells exposed to the degradation products was not negatively affected when compared with the control cells. The results of this study show that bioactive degradation products can be formed by ozonation of SMX.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".