Damage and Microstructural Changes in Ice in Compression during Interaction with Structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A layer of damaged ice has been observed near the contact zone of ice-structure interactions in small scale, medium scale and full scale tests. Microcracking and recrystallization were observed in the layer. It is believed that pressure melting also occurs in the layer. The objective of the present work is to investigate the process of formation of the layer. Triaxial confining tests were conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland with constant stress. The tests showed a pressure dependent process of damage. Microcracking and recrystallization were observed to be the main type of damage at low confining pressure levels with possible melting at asperities in cracks. Recrystallization and melting were the main types of damage under high confinements. Damage was calibrated using a scalar parameter and the triaxial test data. Numerical simulations were conducted using finite element methods to simulate the interaction process. The results are consistent with the observations from the medium scale tests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".