Mineralogical and geochemical studies of hardened subsurface layers in soils of the Azufres and Atecuaro volcanic calderas, southwestern Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Free silica and halloysite-bearing hardened subsurface layers in the ash fall deposits of the Azufres and Atecuaro volcanic calderas (Michoacan State, southwestern Mexico), known as “tepetates”, have been characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Infrared spectrometry, optical (OM) and scanning (SEM) microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXRA). Chemical analysis of these weathered and hardened formations shows the oxidation of Fe2+, enrichment of Al, Fe3+ and Ti, loss of Si, Na, Ca, K, Mg, and formation of minerals with hydroxyls groups. Tepetates are characterized by elevated SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios (4.86–8.82) that show part of the SiO2 has crystallized in free siliceous phases. X-ray analysis reveals hydrated (1.0 nm) and dehydrated halloysite (0.7 nm), sanidine, plagioclases, cristobalite, and tridymite. Raman and infrared spectra confirm the presence of these mineral phases and show that the structural transformations occur in opal neoformations. SEM shows a compact matrix with a skeleton of different phenocrysts (aluminosilicates, ferromagnesian minerals and various crystalline silica phases) and the presence of non-crystalline silica (volcanic glass and opal with different degrees of crystallinity). The tepetates form by interaction of two processes: volcanic ash fall then subsequent weathering under variable climatic conditions. These indurated horizons are partly or totally cemented by the diagenetic secondary minerals: non-crystalline silica with variable crystal chemical characteristics and clay minerals. Key words: Ash fall, tepetates, volcanic soil, mineralogy, geochemistry
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".