Do Genetic Mutations and Genotypes Contribute to Onychomycosis?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The variability in susceptibility to onychomycosis for individuals exposed to the same environmental risk factors raises the possibility that there may be individuals with a genetic predisposition to dermatophyte infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are genetic mutations or genotypes which contribute to onychomycosis. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for examples of immune deficiencies resulting in dermatophyte infections. RESULTS: There are mutations in the innate immune receptors Dectin-1 and its adaptor protein CARD9 which result in familial mucocutaneous infections. There are also specific human leukocyte antigen genotypes that are more common in individuals and families with a high prevalence of onychomycosis. In addition, some patients have been reported with insufficient levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These deficits impair a full innate and adaptive immune response and may result in chronic or recurrent infections. CONCLUSIONS: There are documented mutations and genotypes that contribute to familial and individual susceptibility to onychomycosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".