Geochemical Characteristics and Quality of Groundwater Around Okemesi Fold Belt, South Western Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study involves the determination of the hydrochemical character and quality of springs, shallow and deep wells around the Okemesi fold belt, south western Nigeria. This is with a view to elucidate their nature, type and evaluate portability, and suitability for agricultural and industrial purposes. The Okemesi fold belt is underlain by schistose rocks, mainly mica schist, quartz schist, and quartzite with minor amphibolites and gneisses. The major hydrochemical water type are Na – ( K ) – Cl – ( SO4 ) and Ca – (Mg) – ( Cl ) – SO4 water facies constituting about 52% and 47% respectively. The study showed that almost all of the physico-chemical parameters such as total dissolved solid TDS (18.75 - 790.50 mg/l), electrical conductivity EC (25 - 1054 ?s/cm), pH (5.4 - 7.4), temperature (24.8 - 29.5°C), turbidity (2.2 - 40.5 N.T.U), total hardness (10 - 274 mg/l), total alkalinity (18 - 274 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (1.8 - 7 mg/l), chlorine demand (1.56 - 4.75 mg/l); and bacteriological analysis (5 - 80 MPN) results were within the World Health Organization (WHO) limits recommended for drinking water. However, some groundwater samples have Ni+ and K+ concentrations slightly above the recommended standard. These physico-chemical parameters, especially cations: Ca2+ (1.6 - 72.8 mg/l), Mg2+ (0 - 4.39 mg/l), Na+ (1.63 - 75.0 mg/l), K+ (0 - 108.3 mg/l) , Si (4.0 - 10 mg/l), Cu (0 - 0.391 mg/l), Zn (0 - 0.29 mg/l), Cd (0 - 0 mg/l), Pb (0 - 0 mg/l), Fe (0.1 - 0.1 mg/l), Ni (0 - 0.043 mg/l) and anions such as HCO3 (6.1 - 79.3 mg/l), Cl- (5 - 109 mg/l), SO42- (38 - 76 mg/l), NO32- (0 - 0 mg/l) and PO43- (0.005 - 0.03 mg/l) seem to reflect the chemical nature of the underlying rock units suggesting dissolution, weathering and water – soil / rock interaction processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".