Induction of Uterine Calbindin-D9k Through an Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Pathway Following Single Injection with Xenobiotic Agents in Immature Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Various environmental chemicals, both natural and synthetic, are believed to act as endocrine disruptors (EDs) in mammals. In this study, a new in vivo model of immature rats was used to explore the induction of calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k) following a single injection of EDs. In a time-dependent experiment, immature rats at postnatal day 16 were treated with high doses (600 mg/kg body weight [BW]) of 4-tert-octyphenol (OP), p-nonylphenol (NP), or bisphenol A (BPA), and euthanized at different time points (3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h). For a dose-dependent study, immature rats were given different doses (200, 400, or 600 mg/kg BW) and euthanized at 24 h after injection. After treatment with these EDs, the effects on CaBP-9k mRNA and protein were examined by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. An anti-estrogen, ICI 182,780, was employed to examine the potential involvement of estrogen receptor (ER) in the induction of estrogen receptor-mediated physiologic responses in vivo. A single treatment with each of the chemicals, at 600 mg/kg BW, resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein 24 h after injection. In addition, treatment with OP, NP, or BPA resulted in a positive uterotrophic response. Cotreatment with the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 completely prevented the ED-induced uterine weight gain. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a single injection of OP, NP, or BPA results in an increase of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein via an ER-dependent pathway in the uterus of immature rats. This new model may be important to elucidate the mechanism of action of xenoestrogens on estrogen-sensitive tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".