Effect of Temperature on Athabasca Type Heavy Oil – Water Relative Permeability Curves in Glass Bead Packs
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been a number of somehow contradictory reports in the literature on the effect of temperature on oil and water relative permeabilities. Although some authors have reported the dependence of relative permeability curves on temperature, others have attributed these dependencies to artifacts inherent in unsteady-state method of relative permeability measurement. In order to further investigate the impact of temperature changes on the relative permeability data, we have conducted laboratory core flooding experiments on heavy oil systems. The porous media used was glass bead packs, and the Athabasca type bitumen with varying viscosities was displaced by hot water. The history matching technique was conducted on production and pressure differential data to get the relative permeability curves. Results indicated that generally the increase in initial water saturation and the decrease in residual oil saturation are expected by increasing temperature. However, viscous instabilities can rule out the above mentioned trends. No temperature dependency of either oil or water relative permeability can be justified in our tests. The changes in relative permeabilities by temperature are probably related to experimental artifacts, viscous fingering and changes in oil to water viscosity ratio and not fundamental flow properties.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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