The notwithstanding mechanism and public discussion: Lessons from the ignored practice of section 33 of the Charter
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sommaire: La plupart des Canadiens pensent que la clause dérogatoire, à savoir I'article 33 de la Charte des droits et libertés , n'a été utilisée qu'à quelques reprises par le passé et qu'à l'heure actuelle aucune loi se prévalant de l'article 33 n'est en vigueur. Le présent article révèle que la clause dérogatoire a en fait été utilisée par seize différents textes législatifs (en plus de l'usage général qui en est fait au Québec) et que sept lois se prévalant du mécanisme sont encore en vigueur. L'article soutient ensuite que les deux principales raisons pour lesquelles le public ne remarque pas le recours à l'article 33 s'expliquent par le fait que ces cas étaient à la fois invisibles et inaccessibles. Ils étaient invisibles parce qu'ils portaient sur des sujets qui n'étaient pas à l'ordre du jour public et ils étaient inaccessibles parce qu'ils traitaient de questions de politiques compliquées. L'article conclut en argumentant qu'on ne devrait recourir à la clause dérogatoire qu'en réaction à une décision de la Cour suprême et non avant une telle décision. Il est probable qu'une décision de la Cour suprême aurait rendu ces recours ignorés à l'article 33 à la fois plus visibles, plus accessibles, et de ce fait plus évidents. Abstract: Most Canadians believe that the notwithstanding clause, namely section 33 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, has been used only a few times in the past and that currently no legislations invoking section 33 is in force. This article reveals that the “notwithstanding mechanism” was actually used in sixteen different pieces of legislation (in addition to its omnibus use by Quebec) and that seven acts invoking the mechanism are still in force. The article then argues that two main reasons for the lack of public response to these invocations of section 33 were that these uses were both invisible and inaccessible. They were invisible because they dealt with matters that were not on the public agenda and they were inaccessible because they dealt with complicated policy questions. The article concludes by contending that the notwithstanding mechanism should only be used in response to a Supreme Court decision and not prior to it. It is likely that a Supreme Court decision would have made these ignored uses of section 33 both more visible and more accessible and hencc more noticeable.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it