Does the Canadian Dollar Travel South? An Examination of Currency Substitution along the U.S.-Canadian Border
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates currency substitution along the U.S.-Canada border with specific reference to the use of the Canadian dollar in the United States. In our study sites of Bellingham, WA; Buffalo, NY; Burlington, VT; Houlton, ME; Minot, ND; Port Huron, MI; and Sault Ste. Marie, MI, we found that 70.1 percent of 364 sampled U.S. located retail establishments accepted the Canadian dollar during the study period of July 2003. Accepting firms did so at an average premium of 7.7 percent per transaction with a concomitant average increase in stores sales of 3.0 percent. The significant variables at the firm-level in the decision to accept/reject the Canadian dollar are firm experience in the community; ownership model (local, regional, national or international); geographic location; cross-border operations; and retail category.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".