New Evidence of Convergence Across Canadian Provinces: The Role of Urbanization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
COULOMBE S. (2000) New evidence of convergence across Canadian provinces: the role of urbanization, Reg. Studies 34, 713-725. This paper uses the conditional convergence model for explaining the relative evolution of per capita income across the 10 provinces of the Canadian federation between 1950 and 1996. Provincial relative per capita income steady states are determined by the relative rates of urbanization. Empirical results indicate that the provinces have converged at a speed of about 5% per year and, since the mid-1980s, most provinces appeared to be in the neighbourhood of their respective steady state. The analysis also indicates that for the provinces of Alberta and Québec, the convergence process was disturbed in the 1970s by different permanent level shocks to their long - run steady states. COULOMBE S. (2000) De nouvelles preuves de la convergence des provinces au Canada: le rôle de l'urbanisation, Reg. Studies 34, 713-725. Employant le modèle de convergence conditionnelle, cet article cherchè a expliquer l'évolution relative du revenu par têtè a travers les dix provinces au Canada entre 1950 et 1996. A partir des taux d'urbanisation relatifs, on détermine l'état stationnaire du revenu relatif provincial par tête. Les résultats empiriques laissent voir la convergence des provinces à raison de 5 pour cent par an et démontrent que, depuis le milieu des années 1980, la plupart des provinces sont voisines de leur état stationnaire. Quant à l'Alberta et au Québec, l'analyse montre aussi que le processus de convergence a été perturbé dans les années 70 suite aux divers chocs permanents à leur état stationnaire normal à long terme. COULOMBE S. (2000) Neue Anzeichen der Konvergenz in allen kanadischen Provinzen: die Rolle der Verstädterung, Reg. Studies 34, 713-725. Der vorliegende Aufsatz bedient sich des bedingten Konvergenzmodells zur Erklärung der relativen Entwicklung des pro-Kopf Einkommes in allen zehn Provinzen der kanadischen Föderation im Zeitraum 1950-1996. Dauerzustände provinzieller, relativer pro-Kopf Einkommen werden durch die relativen Raten der Verstädterung bestimmt. Empirische Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, daß die Provinzen sich einander mit einer Geschwindigkeit von etwa 5% per Jahr nähern, und die meisten seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre nicht weit von ihrem respektiven Dauerzustand entfernt waren. Die Analyse läßt auch erkennen, daß in den siebziger Jahren der Annäherungsprozeß in den Provinzen Alberta and Quebec verschiedene, ihre langfristigen Dauerzustände treffende, auf gleicher Höhe anhaltende Schläge erlitt.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".