The Feeding Ecology of Flatfish in the Northwest Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flatfish are an economically and ecologically important component of continental shelf ecosystems worldwide. These species are impacted from fishing activities, both as direct targets and through indirect effects on habitat and food supply. We examined 25 years of diet data for juveniles and adults of nine species of flatfish in the Northwest Atlantic on the continental shelf off of the USA and parts of Canada in order to understand how flatfish feeding ecology may have changed after decades of fishing and related impacts on the ocean bottom. Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and fourspot flounder (P. oblongus) were generally piscivorous. American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) ate primarily ophiuroids. Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) and gulfstream flounder (Citharichthys arctifrons) ate primarily polychaetes, gammarids and other benthic invertebrates. American plaice, summer flounder and fourspot flounder exhibited significant ontogenetic shifts in diet, consuming fewer polychaetes with increasing size. Summer and fourspot flounder also exhibited significant shifts in diet across the time series. None of the benthivorous flatfish exhibited significant changes in diet composition across the time series. The mean weight of stomach contents declined in all species over the past 20 years. The role of flatfish trophic dynamics is discussed in the context of major changes that have occurred in this continental shelf ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".