Managing Pore-Water Quality in Mine Tailings by Inducing Microbial Sulfate Reduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A field-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for inducing microbial sulfate reduction as a passive in situ technique for managing water quality in mine tailings deposits. Sulfide- and carbonate-rich minetailings, characterized by near-neutral pH pore water, were amended with < 1 dry wt. % organic carbon. The geochemical evolution of pore water was monitored for four years. The results demonstrate that organic carbon supported dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR) in the vadose zone. Decreases in dissolved SO4 and S2O3 were accompanied by H2S production, increased populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 34S-SO4 enrichment, and undersaturation of pore water with respect to gypsum [CaSO4 x 2H2O]. The mass of dissolved S decreased by > 45% during the monitoring period, which coincided with the removal of Zn, Sb, and Tl. Mobilization of Fe and As occurred initially; however, subsequent decreases in aqueous concentrations were observed. Mineralogical investigation confirmed the presence of secondary Fe-S and Zn-Fe-S phases. Amendment of tailings with a small and dispersed mass of organic carbon resulted in a general decrease in mass transport of sulfide oxidation products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".