Soil Investigation and Human Health Risk Assessment for Nickel in Community Soils Near a Former Nickel Refinery in Southern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A nickel refinery operated from 1918 to 1984 in a community in southern Ontario. In September 2000, soil nickel levels from a single residential property were found to exceed 9750 ppm. As a result, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) sampled and analyzed almost 2000 soil samples collected from about 200 properties adjacent to the former nickel refinery. Results indicated that surface soil nickel levels ranged up to 17,000 ppm, and that the soil metal levels were variable between properties. The Ministry conducted a human health risk assessment (HHRA) for seven metals (antimony, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel) and arsenic found in the surface soils. The ministry’s HHRA examined total exposure to contaminants through a number of possible pathways, such as (1) incidental ingestion of the soil or dust (indoor and outdoor), (2) home-grown backyard fruit and vegetables, (3) drinking water and supermarket food, (4) dermal contact with soil or dust (indoor and outdoor), and (5) inhalation of ambient air (indoor and outdoor). The predominant form of nickel in these soils was nickel oxide (at least 80% of the total nickel, on average). The HHRA established a soil nickel intervention level of 8000 ppm based on noncancer endpoints, which was intended to protect toddler-aged children. The report finds this soil intervention level should not pose immediate or long-term risks to other age groups.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".