Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Particle Kinematics in Shotcrete
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to identify the basic physical laws governing particle kinematics in a shotcrete spray. This paper presents a governing equation based on Newton’s second law where nozzle and airflow characteristics, and particle features are used to predict impact velocity of the material exiting the nozzle. Experimental values obtained using high-speed imaging measurements on marbles and aggregate particles correlate well with the results of numerical simulations on a simplified spraying system. With the controlling parameters of particle kinematics fully understood, the analysis of the governing equations offers essential elements for nozzle optimization and new mix design investigations. This paper also addresses the necessity of broadening the investigation to the entire spray of particles exiting the nozzle for a complete understanding of the spraying process on placement mechanisms at a process scale.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it