Mechanisms and critical properties in drying shrinkage of soils: experimental and numerical parametric studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mechanisms of free-shrinkage strains of desiccating deformable initially saturated soils are studied. The role of the surface evaporation rate, surface tension and viscosity of pore fluid, and soil compressibility and permeability is investigated in experimental and numerical parametric studies. Two different geomaterials with three different pore fluids are tested and numerically simulated using a macroscale Biot theory model and a mesoscale vessel model. Evolution of shrinkage strain and fluid content is reported and evaluated. The total amount of shrinkage and shrinkage limit are found to correlate with both solid fraction compressibility and surface tension of the fluid fraction. Most of the strain occurs in the saturated stage of drying concomitant with a build-up of fluid suction. The macroscopic Biot model yields good results in the saturated stage of drying. However, the air-entry criteria are all formulated at meso- or microscale. Hence, a mesoscale deformable pore vessel model is adopted, with pore fluid suction limited by a fluid tensile stress threshold identified with fluid cavitation. Beyond cavitation, air entry occurs. Subsequently, partially fluid-filled pore vessels are considered with fluid evaporation across a migrating fluid–gas interface within the vessel. A mesoscale model parametric study confirms that the total drying shrinkage strain and the shrinkage limit depend on the solids' compressibility, as well as on the fluid surface tension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".