Experimental and numerical investigation of the breakage of wastewater flocs in orifice flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well accepted that the breakage of wastewater suspended particles (flocs) can lead to better disinfection of effluent, especially when utilizing ultraviolet irradiation as the disinfection method. In this work, the breakage of wastewater flocs in orifice flow was investigated through numerical simulations. The strain rate along particle paths was estimated using computational fluid dynamics. Assuming that particle breakage occurs if the maximum strain rate experienced by the particle exceeds a critical threshold value, breakage of wastewater particles was predicted. The effectiveness of the model was supported by simple experiments. Based on the numerical simulations, under the same nominal orifice strain rate, particle breakage was higher in single-orifice systems compared to that of multi-orifice systems. This finding was further confirmed through experimentation. Furthermore, simulation results revealed that while single-orifice systems were the preferred choice for the breakage of strong particles, multi-orifice systems might be more effective in breaking ‘weak’ particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".