Effect of an “Ionic Liquid” Cation, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium, on the Molecular Organization of H<sub>2</sub>O
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The excess partial molar enthalpy of 1-propanol (1P), , was measured at 28 degrees C in the ternary mixture of 1P-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl)-H(2)O in the H(2)O-rich composition range. From these data we evaluated what we call the 1P-1P enthalpic interaction function, . Its changes induced by addition of [bmim]Cl of the pattern of were used as a probe to elucidate the effect of [bmim]Cl on the molecular organization of H(2)O. It was found that the effect of Cl(-) was not conspicuous within this methodology, and the observed dependence is predominantly due to the hydration of [bmim](+). The changes in the x(1P)-dependence of were compared with those brought about by temperature increase, or by the addition of fructose or glycerol. It was found that the effect of [bmim](+) is similar to that of fructose or increased temperature. We speculate that in the H(2)O-rich composition region a number of H(2)O molecules are attracted to the delocalized positive charge of the imidazolium ring and the bulk of H(2)O is influenced in such a manner that the global hydrogen bond probability is reduced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".