THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF GRAVITATIONALLY DARKENED CLASSICAL Be STAR DISKS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of gravitational darkening on models of the thermal structure of Be star disks is systematically studied for a wide range of Be star spectral types and rotation rates. Gravitational darkening causes a reduction of the stellar effective temperature toward the equator and a redirection of energy toward the poles. It is an important physical effect in these star–disk systems because the photoionizing radiation from the central B star is the main energy source for the disk. We have added gravitational darkening to the bedisk code to produce circumstellar disk models that include both the variation in the effective temperature with latitude and the non-spherical shape of the star in the calculation of the stellar photoionizing radiation field. The effect of gravitational darkening on global measures of disk temperature is generally significant for rotation rates above 80% of critical rotation. For example, a B0V model rotating at 95% of critical has a density-averaged disk temperature ≈2500 K cooler than its non-rotating counterpart. However, detailed differences in the temperature structure of disks surrounding rotating and non-rotating stars reveal a complex pattern of heating and cooling. Spherical gravitational darkening, an approximation that ignores the changing shape of the star, gives good results for disk temperatures for rotation rates less than ≈80% of critical. However for the highest rotation rates, the distortion of the stellar surface caused by rotation becomes important.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".