In-stack and in-plume characterization of particulate metals emitted from a copper smelter
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better understand the transport of particles emitted from industrial sources, a research aircraft was flown in the plume of the Horne Copper Smelter in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, during winter and summer of 2000. During seven flights the industry performed in-stack sampling for metals while the aircraft determined in-situ chemical and microphysical properties of the particles in the plume over distances of 2 to 27 km. The estimated dilution factors for the samples collected in the plume ranged from 2000 to 50 000 compared with in-stack samples. The ratios of As/Cu, Pb/Cu and Zn/Cu for the stack and in-plume samples show good correspondence. The relative fraction of As, Cu, Pb and Zn in the size bins <2 μm, 2–8 μm and >8 μm aerodynamic diameter were established using a cascade impactor in the plume. The As, Cu and Pb were found in larger fraction in the <2 μm size bin with Zn more equally distributed between the <2 and >8 μm bins. There was no evidence found to support preferential loss of the particles detected in the >8 μm bin over the distances studied. These data provide input needed to initialize models to predict the deposition and transport of the emissions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it