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Record W2085768151 · doi:10.7202/1008366ar

Origines, formes et importance du capital de risque direct: un survol international

2012· article· fr· W2085768151 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Jean‐Marc Suret, Laurence Arnoux

Bibliographic record

VenueRevue internationale P M E Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise · 2012
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicPrivate Equity and Venture Capital
Canadian institutionsCenter for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHumanitiesPolitical sciencePhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Cet article récapitule les résultats des divers travaux qui, dans le monde anglosaxon, ont étudié le financement direct (ou informel) de la PME. Le financement direct se compose de capitaux fournis par des particuliers, sans garanties, en dehors de tout processus formel d’intermédiation et en l’absence de liens familiaux. Ces particuliers sont connus sous le terme d’anges. Contrairement aux études antérieures, celle-ci aborde le financement direct du point de vue de l’entreprise à la recherche de fonds et tente d’apporter des éléments de réponse à trois questions. 1) Qui sont les anges et quel type d’investissement réalisent-ils ? 2) De quelle manière et sur quels critères ces investisseurs prennent-ils leurs décisions? 3) Quels sont les coûts et conditions de ce mode de financement et quelle est l'offre globale de capital direct? Le survol des études montre que le financement direct est un phénomène important sur le plan économique, bien que son caractère même en rende l’évaluation précise impossible. Les travaux antérieurs permettent de tracer un portrait des investisseurs directs et de caractériser les réseaux non structurés qui les lient. Finalement, l’analyse des modes de fonctionnement des anges permet de dégager certains avantages et problèmes propres au financement direct et de préciser la manière dont les PME devraient aborder ce type de financement.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.066
Threshold uncertainty score0.131

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0040.006
Science and technology studies0.0010.002
Scholarly communication0.0050.003
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.237
Teacher spread0.224 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2012
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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