Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research reported in this article investigates how the education level of consumers affects liking and safety feeling toward a product when incongruent images are present with product warnings. The current study used a 2 by 2 experimental methodology to investigate underlying psychological processes of adult consumers who have varying levels of education. The current study finds that relative to high-education consumers, low-education consumers (those who did not complete high school) were more significantly affected by the presence of incongruent images in the product warnings. They displayed higher liking and more safety feeling toward a product when warnings accompanied incongruent images versus warnings with no images. This effect is not found among high-education consumers. That result has alarming implications. Low-education consumers may be unable to critically evaluate product warnings and can be persuaded to misjudge product warnings and product safety when product warnings include incongruent images. The current research extends the previous research on low-education consumers by studying the impact of incongruent images in the product warnings. Specifically, we focus on investigation of subjective attitude formation of warnings (liking and safety feeling) in the presence of incongruent images which was not investigated in the past.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".