Effects of hot-carrier stress on the performance of CMOS low-noise amplifiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of direct current (dc) hot-carrier stress on the characteristics of NMOSFETs and a fully integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) made of NMOSFETs in an 0.18-/spl mu/m complementary MOS (CMOS) technology are investigated. The increase in threshold voltage and decrease in mobility caused by hot carriers lead to a drop in the biasing current of the transistors. These effects lead to a decrease in the transconductance and an increase of the output conductance of the device. No measurable change in the parasitic gate-source and gate-drain capacitances in the devices under test were observed due to hot carriers. In the LNA, the important effects caused by hot carriers were a drop of the power gain and an increase of the noise figure. A slight increase in the input and output matching S/sub 11/ and S/sub 22/, respectively, after hot-carrier stress was observed. The linearity parameter IIP3 of the LNA improved after stress. This is believed to be due to the improvement of the linearity of the I-V characteristics of the transistors in the LNA at the particular operating point where the measurements were performed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".