Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The paradigm shift toward natural gas as a preferred fuel for marine offshoresupport vessels (OSV) and platform support vessels (PSV) represents a newmarine era. This paper examines five key trends driving this change; how thetwo shale gas phenomena of availability plus affordability combine with threeEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandates that together make a compellingcase for adoption of natural gas as a fuel. Introduction Earlier this decade the widely held belief was that expansion of natural gaswould arise by increasing imports of LNG into the US thus causing furtherdependence on foreign energy sources. Then came the vast shale gas discoveriesdomestically within the US and Canada as illustrated in figure 1. Within thispast few years a true transformation of the energy equation was aided by threestep advances; profound advances in computer capability aiding detectionefforts, efficiency advances from new horizontal drilling techniques, andhydraulic fracturing " fracing" technology for improved recovery. These elementsand an industry keen to develop such domestic resources have vaulted shale gasfrom 1% of US natural gas supply nearly 30% by the end of 2011, it continuesclimbing, and is projected now to provide nearly a century of supply. Adefinitive long term fundamental transformation has occurred that providesstrong stabilization to the North America market for many future generations. Current estimates position recoverable natural gas as exceeding 2,214 trillioncubic feet (TCF), a value which includes recent modest downward revisions bythe U.S. Energy Information Administration. Shale gas growth offsets other U.S.supply declines while meeting consumpation growth and nearly eliminates needsfor importation of LNG.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".