Horizontal Injectors Rejuvenate Mature Miscible Flood—South Swan Hills Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The South Swan Hills pool, located in northwest Alberta, Canada, is a carbonate reef with an original oil in place (OOIP) of approximately 850 million bbl. Waterflooding began in 1963, and a staged hydrocarbon miscible flood covering most of the field began in 1973. Solvent injection in the main miscible flood was terminated in 1989, and chase gas injection ceased in 1998. In 1994, however, solvent injection was reinitiated into a single pattern in the reef margin area of the field using a horizontal injector and reduced well spacing. The reef margin is an area of thick, stacked pay that experienced high gravity override during the original miscible flood. The horizontal injector was placed at the base of the reef margin to minimize the effects of gravity override and to maximize sweep efficiency. Four patterns have been developed to date. The two earliest patterns have now completed solvent injection and are on chase waterflood. Both patterns are projected to recover almost 1 million bbl of incremental oil per pattern (more than 10% of pattern OOIP) from areas that were part of the original miscible-flood project. This paper covers the development of the original miscible flood, the redevelopment of the reef margin area using horizontal miscible injectors, and the performance of the four patterns implemented to date. The geological and performance factors that made this redevelopment successful, and their impact on field production, are discussed. Finally, plans for future development of this mature field are presented.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".