Insect outbreaks increase populations and facilitate reproduction in a cavity‐dependent songbird, the<scp>M</scp>ountain<scp>C</scp>hickadee<i><scp>P</scp>oecile gambeli</i>
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large‐scale insect outbreaks, typical of temperate ecosystems, may increase food availability and influence species interactions in insectivorous bird communities. We assessed how population densities of a secondary cavity nester, the M ountain C hickadee P oecile gambeli , varied with densities of avian cavity excavators, potential competitors and nest predators, during two large‐scale insect outbreaks of W estern S pruce B udworm C horistoneura occidentalis and M ountain P ine B eetle D endroctonus ponderosae . At the regional level, M ountain C hickadee densities doubled with increases in budworm and beetle availability, then declined with decreases in beetle availability, despite high budworm supply. At the site level, densities of excavators were the best predictor of site‐level variation in C hickadee densities in the following year. During and after the beetle outbreak, M ountain C hickadees used more cavities excavated by R ed‐breasted N uthatches S itta canadensis and D owny W oodpeckers P icoides pubescens , both of which are bark insectivores that increased in densities concomitantly with the beetle outbreak and whose foraging activities may have facilitated the M ountain C hickadees' access to bark beetles. Thus, M ountain C hickadees showed a numerical response to the food pulse at the regional level, but a functional response to the pulse of nesting cavities at the site level. Plasticity in resource selection and heterospecific attraction may allow M ountain C hickadees to respond to resource pulses in highly variable environments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it