Effect of Anesthesia and Sedation on Pediatric MR Imaging Patient Flow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of sedative and anesthetic administration on the duration and costs of pediatric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was approved by the institutional research ethics board; informed consent and/or assent was obtained from all participants or their parents. A patient flow study was conducted in a pediatric MR imaging clinic in which research assistants tracked participants' progress through the clinic. Demographic, visit process, and medication information was collected for 237 participants, categorized as awake, sedated, or anesthetized. The data were analyzed to (a) determine total visit duration differences, (b) investigate variations in visit stage durations according to patient type, and (c) estimate visit costs on the basis of human resource and medication use. Linear regression, the Shapiro-Wilk test, the two-tailed t test, and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test were used. RESULTS: Complete data sets were obtained for 148 awake, 28 sedated, and 27 anesthetized participants. Data revealed 12 stage sequences among patient visits; dominant sequences differed according to patient category. An awake patient's average visit duration (2 hours 21 minutes) differed significantly from that of sedated (3 hours 38 minutes, P < .001) and anesthetized (4 hours 7 minutes, P < .001) patients; sedated and anesthetized visit durations did not differ significantly (P < .073), although this finding may be attributable to the small sample sizes. Variation in stage durations was also evident within and among patient types. Visit costs for sedated and anesthetized patients were 3.24 and 9.56 times higher, respectively, than those for awake patients. Costs for anesthetized patients were 2.95 times higher than those for sedated patients. CONCLUSION: Visit durations were significantly longer for anesthetized and sedated patients. Anesthetized patients incurred the highest costs, followed by sedated patients.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it