Intelligibility of frequency-shifted speech
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A significant fact about speech perception is that intelligibility can be preserved when the formant pattern is shifted up or down along the frequency scale. To study the relationship between fundamental frequency (F0) and spectrum envelope shifts, we used a high-quality vocoder (‘‘Straight’’) to process a set of 280 English sentences from the Hearing in Noise Test. Upward shifts in spectrum envelope (shift factors of 1, 2, 3, or 4) were combined with upward shifts in F0 (shift factors of 1, 2, or 4). Word recognition accuracy dropped from near perfect for a spectrum envelope shift factor of 1 (unshifted speech) to 77%, 24%, and 7% for shift factors of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. F0 shifts had a small but significant effect on identification. For a spectrum envelope scale factor of 1, increasing F0 by two octaves (shift factor of 4) resulted in a 16% decline. However, for spectrum envelope shift factors of 2 or greater, increasing F0 led to an improvement in performance. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that learned relationships between F0 and spectrum envelope affect the intelligibility of frequency-shifted speech.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".