In vivo optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy using glancing angle-deposited nanostructured Fabry–Perot etalons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this Letter, reflection-mode optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) using glancing angle-deposited (GLAD) nanostructured Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) for in vivo applications is reported. GLAD is a single-step physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used to fabricate porous nanostructured thin films. Using titanium dioxide, a transparent semiconductor with a high refractive index (n=2.4), the GLAD technique can be employed to fabricate samples with tailored nano-porosity, refractive index periodicities, and high Q-factor reflectance spectra. The OR-PAM in vivo images of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 5-day chicken embryo model are demonstrated. The phantom study shows lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio better than 7 μm and 35 dB, respectively. The sensitive GLAD FPI allows photoacoustic imaging down to a few-nJ pulse energy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a FPI-based reflection mode optical resolution photoacoustic imaging technique is demonstrated for in vivo applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".