Stark Spectroscopic Studies of Blue Copper Proteins: Azurin
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The change in the dipole moments (| |) and the average change in the polarizability (〈 Δα 〉) upon excitation for the Cys(S)⇒Cu(II) ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) transitions in two species of azurin, a type I blue copper protein from A lcaligenes denitrificans (AD) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), were determined using Stark (electroabsorption) spectroscopy. Measurements at 77 K in a glycerol-water glassy matrix yield a value for | | of between 1.3 and 2.0 D. This value of | | is consistent with the highly covalent nature of the S Cu bond in the ground state and is in agreement with the predictions of previous electronic structure calculations. The polarizability of the excited state was smaller than the ground state by about 10−20 Å 3 . This negative value of 〈 Δα 〉, which is somewhat unusual, is interpreted in the context of the two-state model. Values for the electron-transfer matrix element ( H ab ) and the effective charge-transfer distance ( R ab ) derived from our measurements are also reported.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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