Migration of viscous non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in alluvium, Fraser River lowlands, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coal tar, creosote, and similar viscous non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) behave in alluvial soils in a manner significantly different from that of less viscous NAPLs, such as gasoline and chlorinated solvents. Their unique behavior is due to the interaction of their physicalchemical parameters: a density often greater than water, a viscosity significantly greater than water, and an interfacial tension that yields a positive initial spreading coefficient at airwaterNAPL interfaces. This results in slow, creeping flow that causes long-term contamination at former manufactured gas plants and wood-preserving sites and of their adjacent surface waters. Multiphase simulations of this creeping flow are shown for a site along the lower Fraser River near Vancouver, British Columbia, and the long-term consequences of the migration of viscous NAPLs in alluvium are discussed from the perspective of site characterization and brownfields redevelopment.Key words: creosote, coal tar, multiphase simulation, brownfields, NAPL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".