Overcoming the Adverse Effect of Humidity in Aerosol Delivery via Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers during Mechanical Ventilation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The well-known problem of reduced drug delivery that occurs when heated, humid air is used with pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) and spacers in intubated settings is carefully studied with Airomir using an in vitro model under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. A better understanding of the physical processes leading to the aforementioned drop in performance is obtained, and a method is devised to circumvent the problem without having to reduce the temperature or humidity of the ventilator circuit. The present study shows that the mole fraction of water vapor in the ventilation air (and not the temperature) is the major factor behind the sharp drop in the amount of drug delivered to the lung. However, the presence of water vapor does not affect performance because of hygroscopic growth. Instead, it influences the initial atomization process and the early stages of aerosol generation. Removal of these negative effects can be achieved by using a larger spacer that allows longer times for the aerosol to evaporate, as is demonstrated in the present study.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".