Surface deflection of a microtubule loaded by a concentrated radial force
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments of a eukaryotic cytoskeleton which are sensitive to externally applied radial forces due to their low circumferential elastic modulus. In this work, an orthotropic elastic shell model for microtubules is used to study the surface radial deflection of a microtubule loaded by a concentrated radial force generated by either a single molecular motor or a radial indentation tip. Our results show that the maximum surface radial deflection of a microtubule generated by a concentrated radial force of a few pN can be as large as a few nanometers (a significant fraction of the radius of microtubules), which could cause significant surface morphological non-uniformity of the microtubule. In contrast, radial indentation under a much larger compressive force, which can be as large as a few hundreds of pN, will cause hardening of the circumferential elastic modulus almost equal to the longitudinal modulus of microtubules. In this case, our results show that a microtubule can withstand a concentrated radial compressive force as large as a few hundreds of pN, with a maximum radial deflection not more than a few nanometers, in good agreement with recent experiments on radial indentation of microtubules. These results offer useful data and new insights into the basic understanding of elastic interaction between microtubules and molecular motors and radial indentation of microtubules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".