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Record W2087082393 · doi:10.1515/nzst.2010.023

The Theology of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica: A Preliminary Survey

2010· article· de· W2087082393 on OpenAlexaff
Stephen D. Snobelen

Bibliographic record

VenueNeue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie · 2010
Typearticle
Languagede
FieldArts and Humanities
TopicHistorical Philosophy and Science
Canadian institutionsUniversity of King's College
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhilosophyNatural theologyNatural (archaeology)Simple (philosophy)Natural philosophyTheologyReading (process)Period (music)Existence of GodClassicsEpistemologyHistoryLinguistics

Abstract

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SUMMARY The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally associated with theology and natural theology. The fact that the General Scholium – with its overt theological and natural theological themes – was only added to the Principia a quarter-century later with the second edition of 1713 may also suggest that this theology came as an afterthought and is therefore not integral to the conceptual structure of the Principia . Moreover, the relative paucity of theology in the first edition, combined with the evidence of the appended General Scholium of 1713, could be used as evidence of a ‘theological turn’ in Newton's thought after 1687. This article uses evidence from Newton's private manuscripts to argue that there is more theology in all three editions of the Principia than a simple reading of the published text would imply. This article also demonstrates that the seeds of Newton's theological conception of Nature and the cosmos – conceptions that can be found in manuscripts beginning in the early 1690s, and that are acknowledged in the General Scholium of 1713 – are already present in Newton's private papers prior to 1687. Newton engaged in a great deal of theological writing after 1687, but the period of the composition of the Principia only marks the end of the first third of Newton's six-decade intellectual career and thus it should not be surprising to find more theology after the Principia than before. Nevertheless, there are important theological writings going back to the 1660s that show that Newton's strongly biblical and providentialist theology pre-dates the Principia and, crucially, that his theological conception of the cosmos does as well. The first edition of the Principia , therefore, was composed after Newton had begun to formulate his theology and theological understanding of the cosmos. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die erste Ausgabe von Isaak Newtons Principia mathematica (1687) enthält einen einzigen Schriftbezug und nur einmal wird Bezug auf Gott oder natürliche Theologie genommen. Oberflächlich betrachtet scheint dieses zentrale Werk der modernen Physik weitestgehend säkular zu sein, ohne grundlegenden Einfluss von Theologie oder natürlicher Theologie. Das General Scholium , das offen von theologischen Themen und natürlicher Theologie durchzogen ist, wurde den Principia erst in der zweiten Auflage 1713 hinzugefügt. Auch dies scheint darauf hinzuweisen, dass dessen Theologie späterer Zusatz ist und daher nicht Bestandteil der Grundstruktur der Principia . Weiterhin könnte aus dem geringen theologischen Anteil in der ersten Ausgabe und dem Befund des General Scholium von 1713 auf eine »theologische Wende« Newtons nach 1687 geschlossen werden. In diesem Artikel werden Newtons private Manuskripte dazu verwendet, zu zeigen, dass in allen drei Auflagen der Principia mehr Theologie enthalten ist, als eine einfache Lektüre des veröffentlichten Textes impliziert. Zudem nimmt dieser Artikel Bezug auf Newtons Konzeptionen der Natur und des Kosmos, die in seinen privaten Papieren schon vor 1687 zu finden sind. Diese Konzeptionen, so das Argument, können auch in Manuskripten in den frühen 1690er Jahren gefunden werden, auf die im General Scholium von 1713 verwiesen wird. Nach 1687 produzierte Newton eine größere Zahl theologischer Schriften. Die Fertigstellung der Principia markiert allerdings nur das Ende des ersten Drittels von Newtons 60jähriger intellektueller Karriere – es sollte also nicht verwundern, dass sich nach den Principia mehr theologische Schriften nachweisen lassen als vorher. Newtons stark biblische und providentialistische Theologie reicht bis weit vor die Abfassung der Principia zurück, wie einige wichtige theologische Schriften zeigen, die bis in die 1660er Jahre zurückreichen. Dies gilt auch für seine theologische Konzeption des Kosmos. Die erste Auflage der Principia ist also entstanden, nachdem Newton begonnen hatte, seine Theologie und sein theologisches Verständnis des Kosmos zu formulieren.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.027

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.006
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0060.009
Science and technology studies0.0020.006
Scholarly communication0.0050.006
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0050.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.041
GPT teacher head0.290
Teacher spread0.249 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreOther

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations11
Published2010
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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