<i>Herschel</i>observations in the ultracompact HII region Mon R2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. Monoceros R2, at a distance of 830 pc, is the only ultracompact H ii region (UC H ii) where the photon-dominated region (PDR) between the ionized gas and the molecular cloud can be resolved with Herschel. Therefore, it is an excellent laboratory to study the chemistry in extreme PDRs (G0 > 105 in units of Habing field, n > 106 cm-3).Aims. Our ultimate goal is to probe the physical and chemical conditions in the PDR around the UC H ii Mon R2.Methods. HIFI observations of the abundant compounds 13CO, C18O, o-H218O, HCO+, CS, CH, and NH have been used to derive the physical and chemical conditions in the PDR, in particular the water abundance. The modeling of the lines has been done with the Meudon PDR code and the non-local radiative transfer model described by Cernicharo et al.Results. The 13CO, C18O, o-H218O, HCO+ and CS observations are well described assuming that the emission is coming from a dense (n = 5 × 106 cm-3, N(H2)> 1022 cm-2) layer of molecular gas around the H ii region. Based on our o-H218O observations, we estimate an o-H2O abundance of ≈2 × 10-8. This is the average ortho-water abundance in the PDR. Additional H218O and/or water lines are required to derive the water abundance profile. A lower density envelope (n ~ 105 cm-3, N(H2) = 2–5 × 1022 cm-2) is responsible for the absorption in the NH 11 2 line. The emission of the CH ground state triplet is coming from both regions with a complex and self-absorbed profile in the main component. The radiative transfer modeling shows that the 13CO and HCO+ line profiles are consistent with an expansion of the molecular gas with a velocity law, ve = 0.5 × (r/Rout)-1 km s-1, although the expansion velocity is poorly constrained by the observations presented here.Conclusions. We determine an ortho-water abundance of ≈2 × 10-8 in Mon R2. Because shocks are unimportant in this region and our estimate is based on H218O observations that avoids opacity problems, this is probably the most accurate estimate of the water abundance in PDRs thus far.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".