Interactions between non-phospholipid liposomes containing cetylpyridinium chloride and biofilms of<i>Streptococcus mutans</i>: modulation of the adhesion and of the biodistribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a surfactant that binds strongly to bacteria and bacterial biofilms. In this study, fluorescence-based techniques were used to determine the penetration and adhesion of CPC when it was introduced in liposomes. In spite of a reduced adhesion as compared to pure CPC micelles, CPC-containing liposomes adhered significantly to the biofilms of Streptococcus mutans. In contrast, no binding was observed for liposomes that were composed of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol. The influence of the charge of the liposome on its adhesion to biofilms was studied using cholesterol (Chol) and cholesterol sulfate (Schol). In spite of similar binding to the biofilms, positively charged CPC/Chol liposomes were located mainly in the core of the biofilm microcolonies, whereas the negatively charged CPC/Schol liposomes were mainly concentrated at their periphery. This effect may be attributed to the different availability of the CPC head group. In summary, this work demonstrates the high potential for tailoring drug nanovectors by modulating sterol selection in order to selectively target and bind biofilms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".