Baohuoside-1, a Novel Immunosuppressive Molecule, Inhibits Lymphocyte Activation In Vitro and In Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive effects of baohuoside-1 (B1), a novel flavonoid isolated from Epimedium davidii. METHODS: Proliferation assay was used to determine the antiproliferative properties on T-cell and B-cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis was applied to detect changes of phenotypes on activated cells. RESULTS: B1 inhibits the lymphocyte proliferation activated by polyclonal mitogens and mixed lymphocyte reaction with a 50% inhibitory concentration of low micromolar concentration. Also, B1 suppressed T-cell activation in T cell receptor/CD3-mediated signaling pathways in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The suppression of B1 was not simply a result of a toxic effect and was recovered by withdrawing the drug. B1 down-regulated the expression of some phenotype molecules. In Ca(2+)-independent or -dependent antigen stimulation, although B1 had different inhibitive patterns on CD69 expression stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or Ca2+ ionophore, it inhibited T-cell proliferation induced by CD3/CD28 or PMA/ionomycin and partially blocked that induced by PMA/CD28. Interestingly, an additive inhibition between B1 and tacrolimus (FK506) was found in the CD69 expression stimulated by PMA/CD28 and PMA/ionomycin. Similarly, this immunosuppression by combination therapy was observed in a heart transplantation model in vivo and might act through an immunosuppressive mechanism different from FK506. CONCLUSIONS: B1, whose mechanism of action is not similar to that of FK506, has selectively immunosuppressive effects on T-cell and B-cell activation in vitro and effectively prevents rat heart allograft rejection in vivo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".