Bibliographic record
Abstract
Source levels (SLs) of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) underwater calls near Mawson, Antarctica, were determined using a two hydrophone array. SLs were 161 ± 10 dB re 1 μPa m (range 135–179, n = 280). SLs from 0.1–6 kHz varied little with frequency (r2 = 0.02, t = −2.46, P = 0.01, n = 251). One-sixth octave ambient noise levels (ANLs) from 0.1–6 kHz were measured on low (n = 1), medium (n = 7), and high (n = 7) noise level days. The ANLs were flat (0.1–6 kHz) and the mean 1/6 octave ANLs were 77 ± 2.8, 96 ± 6.5, and 110 ± 6.1 dB re 1 μPa. SLs were randomly paired against ANLs in a Monte Carlo (n = 100 000) model to calculate the seal communication ranges (m), assuming spherical spreading and received levels 20 dB above threshold. The mean communication ranges for low, medium, and high ANLs were 2806 ± 2718, 428 ± 662, and 83 ± 124 m, respectively (median distances were 2006, 205, and 43m). The distributions were highly skewed toward the shorter distances. The high amplitude calls of Weddell seals may have evolved to facilitate local communication under noisy conditions rather than for very long range purposes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".