<i>N</i>-methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Impairs Action-monitoring Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Failures in monitoring of self-generated actions are thought to underlie the positive symptoms in schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that these deficits may be caused by a dysfunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Here we recorded the activity of prefrontal neurons in monkeys performing an antisaccade task, while we administered a subanesthetic dose of the noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist ketamine. Many neurons discriminated between correct antisaccades and response errors in their postresponse activity. Ketamine increased the activity for the neurons' nonpreferred response, thereby decreasing the neurons' performance selectivity. Ketamine also affected the monkeys' behavior after an error, consistent with a deficit in error detection. The results show that NMDARs play an important role in action monitoring in primates. The decrease in performance selectivity of prefrontal neurons after ketamine can help to explain the deficits in action monitoring found in humans after ketamine administration and provides support for the hypothesis that an NMDAR dysfunction underlies self-monitoring deficits and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".