Low-bias performance of avalanche photodetector. A time-domain approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of the InP-InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) at low bias voltages has been investigated directly from its impulse response without using any fitting parameters. The important mechanisms responsible for low-bias performance are the emission of holes from the InP-InGaAs interface potential-trap in the valence band, the velocity of the carriers, and the diffusion of photogenerated holes from the undepleted region to the depleted region of the absorption layer. A time-recurrence relation for the emission of holes from the trap has been derived and special attention has been paid to the velocity of carriers at low fields. The delay in the process of diffusion of photogenerated holes has been taken into account in obtaining the impulse response. The bandwidth at different gains have been calculated by taking the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the current impulse response. The gain-bias and gain-bandwidth characteristics show reasonably good agreement between the data from the model and the experimental data of an earlier published work on InP-InGaAs APD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".