Menin and TGF-β Superfamily Member Signaling via the Smad Pathway in Pituitary, Parathyroid and Osteoblast
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PITUITARY: Menin is a Smad3-interacting protein; inactivation of menin blocks transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and activin signaling, antagonizing their growth-inhibitory properties in anterior pituitary cells. Menin is also required for the activin-induced inhibition of prolactin expression mediated by the Smads and the transcription factor, Pit-1. The interaction between menin and Smad3 is direct. PARATHYROID: In cultured parathyroid cells from uremic hemodialysis patients, in which the menin signaling pathways are probably still intact, menin inactivation achieved by menin antisense oligonucleotides leads to loss of TGF-beta inhibition of parathyroid cell proliferation and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Moreover, TGF-beta does not affect the proliferation and PTH production of parathyroid cells from multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients. OSTEOBLAST: Men1-null mouse fetuses that die at day 12 or earlier have cranial/facial hypoplasias implicating menin in bone development. Menin is required for the commitment of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells into the osteoblast lineage. This is achieved by menin interacting physically and functionally with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 regulated Smads, such as Smad1 and Smad5, and the key osteoblast regulator, Runx2. These interactions are lost as the committed osteoblasts differentiate further at which time menin interacts with Smad3, mediating the negative regulation of Runx2 by TGF-beta. Menin also suppresses osteoblast maturation, partly by inhibiting the differentiation actions of JunD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it