The influence of concentration on specific ion effects at the silica/water interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Second harmonic generation spectroscopy is a useful tool for monitoring changes in interfacial potential at buried insulator/liquid interfaces. Here we apply this technique to the silica/aqueous interface and monitor the changes in interfacial potential while varying the pH in the presence of different alkali halides at 0.1M concentration. Within the pH range explored, the bimodal distribution of acidic sites on planar silica is clearly observed, corresponding to two types of acidic SiOH groups. Comparing these data with previous work at 0.5M sheds light on whether the presence of the ions stabilizes the charged or neutral state of the surface sites. For the alkali chlorides, with the exception of NaCl, we observe that the presence of the alkali chlorides stabilize the less acidic site in the protonated (SiOH) rather than deprotonated (SiO(-)) form. This unusual influence of the cation is attributed to the combination of interactions at the interface between water, surface sites and the electrolyte. Overall, we observe that the influence of the alkali ion on the ratio of the two types of sites and their effective acid dissociation constants is minor at 0.1M, unlike that observed at 0.5M. In contrast, the influence of the anion on the cooperative dissociation of surface sites and their relative distribution is little affected upon decreasing the concentration, which indicates that these specific anion effects are prevalent in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".