Endothelin-1-Mediated Wave-Like [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> Oscillations in Intact Rabbit Inferior Vena Cava
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET1) is an endogenous vasoconstrictor released by the vascular system to regulate the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). It is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetic vasculopathy. In rabbit inferior vena cava (IVC), 10 nM ET1 induces tonic contraction mainly via type A endothelin receptor activation. Using confocal imaging of Fluo-3 loaded in thein situ VSMC within the intact IVC, we found that ET1 elicited [Ca2+]i oscillations with an average frequency of 0.31 +/- 0.01 Hz. These [Ca2+]i oscillations occurred as repetitive Ca2+ waves traveling along the longitudinal axis of the cells with an average velocity of 29 +/- 3 microm/s. The Ca2+ waves were not synchronized between neighboring VSMC nor were they propagated between them. Nifedipine (10 microM) inhibited the tonic contraction by 27.0 +/- 5.0% while SKF96365 (50 microM) abolished the remaining contraction. In a parallel Ca2+ study, nifedipine reduced the frequency of the oscillations to 0.22 +/- 0.01 Hz while SKF96365 abolished the remaining [Ca2+]i oscillations. Subsequent application of 25 mM caffeine elicited no further Ca2+ signal. Thus, we conclude that ET1 stimulates tonic contraction in the rabbit IVC by inducing [Ca2+]i oscillations and that stimulated Ca2+ entry through both the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and a nifedipine-resistant and SKF96365-sensitive pathway is crucial for the maintenance of [Ca2+]i oscillations and tonic contraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".