Electrolyte Supplementation Prior to Prolonged Submaximal Exercise Results in Decreased <scp> PCO <sub>2</sub> </scp> and <scp> tCO <sub>2</sub> </scp> During Exercise and Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Electrolyte supplementation prior to exercise is known to benefit both performance and recovery; however its effects on acid‐base status remain not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to use the physicochemical approach to provide a comprehensive time‐course of the acid‐base alterations that occur following pre‐exercise electrolyte supplementation in horses. It was hypothesized that electrolyte supplementation will attenuate the alkalosis occurring with prolonged moderate intensity exercise. Methods I n a randomized crossover experiment four conditioned mares were given, via nasogastric tube, 3 L of a commercial electrolyte solution ( ES ; designed to fully replace sweat electrolyte and fluid losses), or water alone (Control), 1 hour before they exercised on a treadmill at 30% VO 2max until voluntary fatigue (inability to keep pace with belt speed). Blood was sampled from jugular venous catheters at frequent intervals before, during, and until 20 h of exercise recovery, and analyzed for all dependent and independent plasma acid‐base variables. Differences (P<0.05) over time and between groups were assessed by 1‐ or 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA . Results Horses exercised for 57.5 ± 10.3 and 72.5 ± 17.0 min and lost 2.73 ± 0.82 and 4.63 ± 1.35 L in Control and ES trials, respectively. ES horses had lower pCO 2 and total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ) concentrations during exercise and early recovery. Control horses exhibited decreased [ H + ]. pCO 2 was the primary contributor to changes in [ H + ] and [TCO 2 ], while there were no differences in strong ion difference ([ SID ]) or total weak acid concentration ([Atot]). Conclusions Electrolyte supplementation prior to prolonged exercise leads to sustained effects on equine acid‐base variables, even in the absence of significant changes in plasma electrolytes or hydration. Ethical Animal Research The experiments and use of animals were approved by the U niversity of G uelph A nimal Care C ommittee, in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian C ouncil on A nimal Care. Sources of funding: Ontario Horse Racing Industry Association and the Natural S ciences and Engineering R esearch C ouncil of C anada. Competing interests: none.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".