Nondestructive evaluation methods for damage assessment in fiber‐metal laminates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Structures, Materials and Propulsion Laboratory of the NRC Institute for Aerospace Research (IAR) is engaged in a collaborative project with Bombardier Aerospace. The main objective of the project is to evaluate the potential of applying fiber‐metal laminates (FML) to aircraft types manufactured by Bombardier. As a part of this project, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedures have been developed and used at IAR to determine the extent of damage caused by impact, corrosion and fatigue loads in a commercial FML material (GLARE). X‐rays using radioopaque fluids as well as conventional and air‐coupled ultrasonic and eddy current methods have been investigated. This report describes the NDE procedures employed at IAR to assess damage in FML and provides examples of the results obtained utilizing each of the inspection methods and the damage types investigated. Also, the ability of the investigated NDE methods to determine damage size and the accuracy of damage measurements is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".