Identification of oral antidiabetics and their metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry—a matter for doping control analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 1999, insulin belongs to the list of prohibited substances of the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency. Except for patients suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the administration of insulin is not allowed. Therapeutics developed to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus act as releasing factors of endogenously produced insulin or improve its efficiency mediating the glucose uptake into insulin-dependent tissues. Hence, these compounds are also relevant for sports drug testing, and a fast, robust, and sensitive assay was developed to identify 12 oral antidiabetic agents or respective hydroxylated metabolites in human urine. Urine specimens are enzymatically hydrolyzed; target analytes are extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and identified by means of liquid chromatography interfaced to tandem mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization. Detection limits of respective drugs ranged between 10 and 30 ng/mL, metabolites of therapeutics were characterized by diagnostic fragmentation pathways upon collisionally activated dissociation of protonated molecules, and general fragmentation routes were proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".