A new hexactinellid sponge from the Cretaceous of Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over 20 specimens of the new genus and species Nunavutospongia irregulara, an irregular stump-like to columnar, or fan- to blade-shaped, hexactinosid hexactinellid sponge, have been recovered from exposures of the Upper Cretaceous upper Kanguk Formation on Devon Island, Nunavut Territory, in the Canadian High Arctic. The species and genus are characterized by dermal surfaces with prominent radial, irregularly vertical, rib-like flanges that have a single linear series of separated oscula perforating their rounded crests. The thin, but persistent dermal layer of fused hexactine-based spicules has rays thicker than those of the similarly fused endosomal, quadrangularly arranged, hexactines of the principal skeleton. Ostia of coarse exhalant canals, and finer inhalant canals, are extensively and uniformly developed, but irregularly placed, in the dermal layer. A thin, less prominent, gastral layer of thickened spicules lines the short, internally tapered spongocoel openings. The skeleton exposed in the commonly upward-arcuate base of each sponge has a radiate structure that does not have significant ostia. The new genus is tentatively included in the Family Cribrospongiidae Roemer, 1864, within the Order Hexactinosa Schrammen, 1903. The specimens were found in unconsolidated fine-grained glauconitic sediments along with other fossils such as fish teeth, bird bones, lingulids, coprolites, and wood. The sedimentology, stratigraphic context, and co-occurrence with fossil wood suggest that these sponges inhabited the neritic zone. As such, they would have been subject to polar light regimes, because paleogeographic reconstructions indicate that Devon Island was above the Arctic Circle during the Late Cretaceous. The distribution of the specimens suggests that they were solitary sponges that used their arcuate bases to colonize sandy substrates or biotic debris.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".