First report of root rot of stevia caused by <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i> in India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is an important medicinal crop grown in India. The leaves of stevia contain a noncalorific sweetener, stevioside, which is used as an alternative to artificially produced sweeteners. Between June and September 2005, a disease survey was conducted in different stevia-producing villages of Erode district in Tamil Nadu State. A new root rot disease was observed on 2-month old stevia plants in all areas surveyed. Symptoms first appeared as yellowing and drooping of leaves, with wilting of plants and white cottony mycelial growth at the collar region. The mycelial growth spread to the stem and roots, with associated tissue rotting. On the diseased areas, brown sclerotia were observed. A fungus was consistently isolated from diseased roots on potato dextrose agar medium incubated at 25 ± 2°C. The mycelium of the fungus was hyaline, branched at clamp connections and septate, corresponding with published descriptions for Sclerotium rolfsii (Mordue, 1974). The abundant sclerotia were round to oblong, initially white and later brown, with an average diameter of 0·5–2·0 mm. To confirm pathogenicity, 25–30 day old seedlings were planted in pots containing 100 parts of sterilised soil and 1 part of mycelial inoculum, using an isolate of S. rolfsii from stevia multiplied in a sand/maize medium. The pots were kept at 25 ± 2°C with soil moisture content maintained at 70%. The plants were assessed 30 days after planting. Inoculated plants developed typical symptoms on leaves, stem and roots, and S. rolfsii was consistently re-isolated. Uninoculated plants did not show any symptoms. Chang et al. (1997) observed a stem rot disease of stevia for the first time in India and identified the causal agent as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Megeji et al. (2005) recorded a stem rot disease on stevia at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India by visual observation without confirming the pathogen. However, this is the first report of S. rolfsii infecting stevia in India.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".