LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES WITH THE SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY. IV.<sup>12</sup>CO<i>J</i>= 6-5 OBSERVATIONS OF VV 114
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present high-resolution (∼2 5) observations of 12 CO J = 6–5 toward the luminous infrared galaxy VV 114 using the Submillimeter Array. We detect 12 CO J = 6–5 emission from the eastern nucleus of VV 114 but do not detect the western nucleus or the central region. We combine the new 12 CO J = 6–5 observations with previously published or archival low- J CO observations, which include 13 CO J = 1–0 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array cycle 0 observations, to analyze the beam-averaged physical conditions of the molecular gas in the eastern nucleus. We use the radiative transfer code RADEX and a Bayesian likelihood code to constrain the temperature ( T kin ), density ( ), and column density ( ) of the molecular gas. We find that the most probable scenario for the eastern nucleus is a cold ( T kin = 38 K), moderately dense ( = 10 2.89 cm −3 ) molecular gas component. We find that the most probable 12 CO to 13 CO abundance ratio ([ 12 CO]/[ 13 CO]) is 229, which is roughly three times higher than the Milky Way value. This high abundance ratio may explain the observed high 12 CO/ 13 CO line ratio (>25). The unusual 13 CO J = 2–1/ J = 1–0 line ratio of 0.6 is produced by a combination of moderate 13 CO optical depths (τ = 0.4–1.1) and extremely subthermal excitation temperatures. We measure the CO-to-H 2 conversion factor, α CO , to be 0.5 M ☉ (K km s −1 pc 2 ) −1 , which agrees with the widely used factor for ultra luminous infrared galaxies of Downes & Solomon (α CO = 0.8 M ☉ (K km s −1 pc 2 ) −1 ).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".